Txheej txheem hauv kev kaw haujlwm.
Ntsuas Tsev Neeg - Mantidae (Manteidae).
Bolivaria - Bolivaria brachyptera (Pallas, 1773

Cov xwm txheej. 7 “Tswj tshwj xeeb” - 7, SK. Nws muaj nyob hauv Daim Ntawv Ntxiv 2 rau Phau Ntawv Liab ntawm Lavxias Federation *. Hauv Phau Ntawv Liab ntawm USSR nws yog rau qeb "II. Cov tsiaj tsis tshua muaj ".

Cov phiaj xwm sab nraud ntawm luv-tis viav bolivaria

Bolivaria yog tus neeg sawv cev zoo ntawm kev ntsuas. Nws lub cev yuag, elongated, brownish-grey xim. Qhov ntau thiab tsawg ntawm cov poj niam yog 4-5.3 cm, txiv neej yog 3-4.5 cm.

Bolivarians nyob rau hauv tej hav zoov-hav iav.

Cov lus txiav rau tom qab ntawm cov lus hais no yog cim. Lub plab luv luv. Lub ntsej muag luv hauv elytra raws cov npoo pem hauv ntej yog whitish, nrog ib txoj hlua tsaus nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm apex thiab lub nplhaib tsaus nti nyob hauv nruab nrab, uas tsis tshua pom meej meej meej. Lawv raug taw taw thiab tsis txuas ntxiv rau sab hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub plab. Hind tis tau haus luam yeeb, nrog xim dub lossis dub-violet nyob ib ncig ntawm ntug. Ntawm qhov hind tarsus, thawj ntu ntev dua nyob rau hauv qhov ntev tshaj li txhua lwm tus ua ke.

Cov qauv ntawm caj dab pem hauv ntej ntawm lub ntsuas kab zoo ib yam li tus cwj mem. Lub nruas siv nrog cov nrawm ua haujlwm zoo li rab hniav, thiab cov ncej puab nrog cov kev pabcuam kom zoo li cov coj. Nyob rau hauv kev cia siab ntawm cov neeg raug tsim txom, tus ntsuas zais cov hniav hauv qhov zawj ntawm lub duav, tab sis thaum pom tus neeg raug mob, nws cuam rau lawv nrog xob laim nrawm nrawm, tuav thiab khov kho nias tus neeg mob nruab nrab ntawm tus ncej puab thiab ceg ceg qis. Muaj cov xwm txheej thaum nyob hauv txoj kev no loj mantises hunted me me qav thiab lizards.

Wormwood Bolivaria muaj nyob hauv Phau Ntawv Liab ntawm Ukraine raws li hom muaj kev puas tsuaj.

Cov Tsev Bolivarius Cov Chaw Nyob

Ciav-Bolivaria muaj sia nyob hauv cov tsaj taw, ib suab puam, yog pom ntawm cov nroj tsuag yoog kom nyob rau hauv qhov chaw qhuav, nyob ntawm qhov chaw siab tshaj ntawm cov toj thiab foothills. Cov chaw nyob hauv steppe nrog cov nroj tsuag sib xyaws, nyob raws tus dej terraces, ntawm thaj chaw suab puam hav zoov hav iav, steppe gullies thiab thaj chaw dej nyab. Nyob rau hauv thaj chaw foothill nws nce raws pob zeb cov nplais ntu mus rau qhov chaw siab tshaj ntau dua 2000 m siab tshaj hiav txwv. Nyob rau hauv Central Asia, bolivaria pom nyob rau hauv cov noob ntoo-wormwood biotopes, tugai, solyanka deserts thiab semi-deserts.

Bolivaria yog tib hom muaj tis - tsuas yog hom ntawm cov ntsuas uas nws qhov chaw nyob txuas ntxiv rau sab qaum teb mus rau qhov tshiab ntawm Eurasia.

Khoom noj khoom haus Bolivarium

Hom kab no yog cov tsiaj tua rau tos kom nws cov tsiaj raug tua tom hav zoov. Cov zaub mov tseem ceeb muaj cov neeg sawv cev ntawm orthoptera, tawv ncauj, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw zoo li bolivaria.

Tus tsiaj pub rau cov kooj, kooj, yoov, kab npauj npaim, yoov. Tau ntes tau cov neeg raug tsim txom, tus ntsuas tau nqos nws cov tsiaj. Nws txav nws los ntawm ib sab pem hauv ntej mus rau lwm qhov, tshuaj xyuas, tilts nws lub taub hau thiab maj mam maj mam, tsis tas yuav maj nrawm. Cawv txhav tis thiab ob txhais ceg nti tawm, tau ua tiav cov nqus ntawm cov khoom noj, tus ntsuas ua tib zoo ntxuav nws lub puab tsaig, ntxuav, quav nws ob txhais ceg, rub nws mus rau lub hauv siab, thiab ib zaug ntxiv khov nyob rau hauv lub pose ntawm ib tus neeg phem thov Vajtswv.

Bolivaria pub rau ntawm kab, uas lawv nqus sai sai tom qab ntes.

Tus nab npawb ntawm cov viav vias bolivaria

Qhov ntau ntawm cov hom yog tsis siab qhov txhia chaw; cov tib neeg ntawm Bolivaria Bolivaria pom nyob ib puag ncig. Lub xeev ntawm cov pejxeem hauv peb lub tebchaws hauv thaj chaw muaj kev tiv thaiv yog suav tias tseem ruaj khov. Feem ntau, hauv ib teev ntawm kev kuaj, 1-3 bolivarias tuaj yeem pom, qee zaum tshaj. Xws li ib tug pejxeem ntom raws li ib tug tag nrho yog yam ntxwv ntawm loj predatory kab thiab tsis nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov qhia plight ntawm cov hom nyob rau hauv nws tej yam ntuj tso. Hauv ntau lub cheeb tsam yav qab teb ntawm peb lub teb chaws, vim kev txo qis rau kev yug yaj, lub ntuj muaj ntau ntawm Bolivaria Bolivaria tau rov qab los rau hauv thaj chaw loj qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm nkauj xwb steppe tau pom yav tas los vim qhov nce ntawm kev nce qib ntawm cov yaj.

Lub Bolivaria Bolivaria yog tus sawv cev tsis tshua muaj sawv cev ntawm tus ntsuas.

Cov laj thawj rau txo qis ntawm bolivaria

Qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau qhov txo qis ntawm cov tsiaj me-tis-bolivaria yog kev nthuav dav ntawm thaj chaw uas cov chaw nyob ntawm hom tsiaj nyob: glades ze rau ntawm foothills, shiblaki, steppe thaj av ze ntawm kev sib hais haum. Hauv kev txuas nrog kev tsim kho ntawm kev ncig ua si, kev thauj khoom ua si ntawm cov toj roob hauv pes no tau nce txhua qhov chaw. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv ntau thaj chaw ntawm thaj chaw, cov cheeb tsam ntawm cov qhiav ntsej thiab qab tsib taug muaj ntau nthuav dav, uas ua rau txo qhov chaw ntawm thaj chaw ntawm nkauj xwb steppe uas haum rau nyob hauv Bolivaria. Ib qho kev hem thawj rau lub hav zoov ntawm cov hom yog sawv cev los ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab uas nkag mus rau hauv cov khoom noj cov tsiaj rau kab predatory. Kev hlawv tej nroj tsuag ua rau cov qe thiab cov kab menyuam puam tsuaj.

Luv luv-bolivariums tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv ntau ntawm cov chaw cia.

Kev Tiv Thaiv ntawm Bats

Lub Bolivaria Bolivaria muaj nyob hauv Daim Ntawv Ntxiv 2 rau phau ntawv liab ntawm Lavxias Federation. Nws muaj kev tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv tus naj npawb ntawm cov nyiaj khaws tseg nrog rau lwm hom. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog los faib chaw tshwj xeeb me me ntawm steppe los kho tus naj npawb tsawg tsawg. Pom zoo kev ntsuas tiv thaiv rau bolivaria tseem tsis tau ceev.

Txawm li cas los xij, kev tsim kho hnyav heev ntawm thaj chaw uas cov zej zog muaj tsob ntoo tshwj xeeb tau raug khaws cia yuav ua rau muaj kev ploj sai ntawm Bolivaria bifolaria. Ntxiv rau, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los ua kom yooj yim cov khoom ua si hauv chaw nyob ntawm hom tsiaj.

Nyob rau hauv kev cia siab ntawm cov neeg raug tsim txom, tus ntsuas zais cov hniav hauv qhov zawj ntawm lub duav, tab sis thaum pom tus neeg raug mob, nws cuam rau lawv nrog xob laim nrawm nrawm, tuav thiab khov kho nias tus neeg mob nruab nrab ntawm tus ncej puab thiab ceg ceg qis.

Yog tias koj pom qhov ua yuam kev, thov xaiv ib cov ntawv nyeem thiab nias Ctrl + Sau.

Cov lus piav morphological luv

Lub cev yog medium nyob rau hauv loj, grey, brownish, thatched, 34-40 mm, 37-46 mm nyob rau hauv loj. Cov ntawv tom sab tom qab ntawm cov lus hais yog serrated. Elytra thiab tis tau luv; hauv ob hom poj niam lawv tsuas yog nruab nrab ntawm lub plab. Elytra nrog lub ntsej muag nyob sab pem hauv ntej, lub ntsej muag tsaus nti nyob hauv nruab nrab thiab ib pawg nkauj nyob pem taub hau apex, uas feem ntau tsis tau hais meej meej. Lub viav vias yog luam yeeb nrog lub doog dub los sis yuav luag dub nyob ib puag ncig ntawm ntug.

Kis mus

Crimea, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Nruab Nrab thiab Asia muaj hnub nyoog, Syria, Iran, nyob rau sab hnub tuaj mus txog qab teb kawg nkaus sab hnub poob teb chaws Mongolia. Tsuas yog tib hom ntawm cov genus, uas nws thaj tsam mus rau sab qaum teb txuas ntxiv mus rau theem tshiab ntawm Eurasia. Nyob rau hauv Lavxias Federation nws pom nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam steppe los ntawm Ciscaucasia thiab thaj av Volga mus rau Irtysh. Tsis pub dhau SFD yog thoob plaws.

Hauv Phau Ntawv Liab ntawm lub koom pheej ntawm Dagestan nws tau sau tseg hauv txoj siv dawb: "... hauv hav nyom hav zoov ntawm Nogai, Kizlyar, Derbent cheeb tsam thiab thaj tsam ze ntawm Agrahan Bay, Kumtorkali dune" nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm koom pheej. Ib qho kev qhia tseeb ntawm kev nyob hauv cov ntawv nyeem tsuas yog cheeb tsam ntawm Pas dej. Dag nawb. Cov tsiaj tau sau rau xyoo 2003 nyob rau xerophytic nroj tsuag ntawm lub spurs ntawm Gimrinsky Range, hauv qhov chaw ze ntawm Maidan.

Hauv North Ossetia, nws yog qhia rau cov kauj ruam steppe, qhov ntau yog suav nrog Mozdok koog tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm cov koom pheej, muaj ciam teb Stavropol. Hauv Chechen koom pheej nws tau sau tseg hauv koog tsev kawm Shelkovsky, muaj ciam teb nrog Dagestan.

Hauv Phau Ntawv Liab ntawm Republic of Armenia tsis muaj ib qho tshwj xeeb hais txog kev tshawb pom hauv cov koom pheej. Hauv RO, nws tau sau tseg hauv thaj tsam Zimovnikovsky, Dubovsky, Zavetinsky, ntawm thaj chaw nkauj xwb hauv thaj av ntawm Rostovsky lub xeev cov chaw cia nyiaj thiab Azov steppes ntawm qis Don [9, 10]. Nws tseem paub los ntawm ntau cov cheeb tsam dhau los ntawm cheeb tsam RO, uas nyob ib puag ncig hauv North Caucasus, Kalmykia thiab cheeb tsam Volgograd.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntawv ntawm Phau Ntawv Liab ntawm UK nws tau sau tseg tias hom pom nyob rau sab qab teb-sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qab teb sab hnub poob ntawm thaj chaw, muaj cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb ntawm kev pom nyob hauv thaj chaw nruab nrab ntawm Stavropol Upland (Kursavka, Surkul), nws cov qaum teb sab hnub tuaj (Arzgir) thiab ntawm Prikum semi-suab puam ( Kumskaya MZhS), thiab hauv thaj chaw Arzgir thiab Turkmen neeg.

Hauv thaj av Volgograd, thaj tsam ntawm bolivaria npog feem ntau ntawm steppe thiab semi-suab puam biotopes ntawm sab laug bank ntawm Volga thiab cov cheeb tsam uas nyob sab qab teb ntawm Volga-Don Canal. Hauv thawj zaug luam tawm Phau Ntawv Red ntawm CC, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov hom no tsis tuaj.

Lub cheeb tsam thaj tsam suav nrog thaj chaw ntawm steppe biotopes ntawm Temryuk koog tsev kawm ntawv, qhov chaw uas hom tsiaj nyob ntawm qhov chaw siab chaw nyob ntawm cov chaw tshiab ntawm lub pob zeb tawg thiab lub ntsej muag. Nws tseem populates qhov chaw nyob sab qab teb ntawm thaj chaw hiav txwv Dub (Navagir, Markotkh), tiaj nyom ntawm qhov tawm ntawm qhov dej txhav thiab spurs nrog cov khoom noj qoob loo-dav-tawm mus rau qhov siab txog ntawm 400 m.

Paub los ntawm thaj tsam ntawm Novorossiysk, pos. Sab Qab Teb thiab Qaum Teb Ozereyevka, Shirokaya Balka, Utrish, Sukko, Abrau thiab tej zaum nyob rau thaj chaw ntawm thaj av sab hnub tuaj ntawm thaj av, muaj ciam teb nrog Stavropol. Tus nyuam qhuav nyuam qhuav nrhiav hauv tus nkauj xwb steppes ntawm Taman ceg av qab teb, nyob ntawm ntug dej ntawm estuaries Tsokur, Kiziltash, Bugaz.

Nta ntawm biology thiab ecology

Zoo li txhua yam kev thov Vajtswv, nws yog qhov kev tua tsiaj tua tsiaj. Muaj ib-tiam ib tiam. Cov neeg raug tsim txom tseem ceeb yog orthoptera, ntau nyob rau hauv cov chaw nyob ntawm Bolivaria, nrog rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov xaj xaj ntawm Lepidoptera, Diptera, thiab lwm yam kab muaj rau kev ntes.

Hauv Lavxias Kev Tshawb Fawb, nyob hauv kev nce qib, ib qho chaw tiaj nyom, nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw siab ntawm toj thiab foothills nrog xerophytic shrubbery. Hauv Armenia, nws kuj ua raws cov neeg thaj av, hauv foothill thaj chaw nws pom ntawm cov pob zeb qis, nce rau hauv cov roob mus rau qhov chaw siab dua ntau dua 2000 m siab tshaj ntawm hiav txwv. hiav txwv. Cov.

Nyob rau hauv Central Asia, nws nyob rau thaj av tsis muaj noob qoob noob txiv-cua tshuab ua biotopes, solyanka ib nrab suab puam thiab suab puam, thiab nkag mus hauv. Kev ua liaj ua teb hauv thaj av tsis tau qhia tshwj xeeb, txawm li cas los xij, nws paub tias lub caij nyoog edema ntog ntawm lub Yim Hli - Cuaj Hli, thaum qee tus neeg muaj sia nyob txog lub Kaum Ib Hlis.

Tshaj thiab nws cov ncauj ke

Qhov nplua mais ntawm hom yog qhov txhia chaw qis, tshwm sim nyob sib puag. Hauv thaj av Volgograd, RO, SK, KK, hauv cov chaw ntawm Kalmykia, Dagestan thaum lub sijhawm soj ntsuam txij xyoo 1995 txog 2005, lub xeev ntawm cov neeg ntawm Bolivaria bolivaria tau ruaj khov heev. Feem ntau, tus lej yog 1-3 leeg nyob rau 1 teev ntawm kev kuaj, tsis tshua muaj siab. Xws li ib tug pejxeem ntom raws li ib tug tag nrho yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm loj predatory kab thiab tsis nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov qhia lub xeev ntxhov siab ntawm lawv cov neeg.

Nyob rau ntau thaj chaw ntawm thaj chaw sab qab teb ntawm Lavxias teb sab, qhov twg yaj kev yug tsiaj yog tsim nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm bolivaria hauv steppe thiab semi-suab puam thaj av, ib qho kev txo qis hauv nws cov nplai, tshwj xeeb hauv 90s ntawm lub xyoo pua kawg, tau pab kom rov qab lub ntuj tsawg ntawm nws cov neeg nyob rau thaj chaw loj uas biotopes yav tas los ua kom tsis zoo vim kev ua haujlwm dhau. Cov. Yog li, hauv RO hauv thaj chaw steppe muaj kev tiv thaiv thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 2005, qhov muaj ntau ntawm cov tsiaj nyob hauv qee qhov chaw yog 3-5 cov neeg hauv 1 teev tshawb.

Feem ntau, lub xeev Bolivarian cov pej xeem hauv KA kuj tseem nyob ruaj khov tam sim no thiab tsis ua rau muaj kev txhawj xeeb ntau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog vim thaj chaw ntawm thaj av tsis nyob ntawm thaj chaw nruab nrab ntawm cov kab ntau ntawm cov hom no. Cov pej xeem uas tuab tshaj plaws yog paub nyob hauv lub cev nkauj xwb uas tsis tau nce qib ntawm qhov chaw nqes hav. Tub Rog Dej Hiav Txwv Abrau.

Txwv yam

Ntawm qhov ntsuas qhov tseem ceeb, thaj chaw tau tsim nyob rau hauv Thaj Chaw uas cov cim tsiaj txhu ntawm cov tsiaj nyob hauv qhov chaw nyob: shiblak formations, glades raws cov qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov nqes hav ntawm lub foothills, steppe thaj av, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob ze chaw.

Yuav luag txhua qhov chaw, cov chaw ua si thauj khoom ntawm cov toj roob hauv pes kuj nce vim yog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev ncig thiab kev nkag hauv cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws hauv hiav txwv. Hauv koog tsev kawm ntawv Temryuk, ntxiv rau, nyob rau xyoo tas los no, thaj av ntau los ntawm cov txiv hmab thiab txiv ntoo tau muaj ntau zuj zus tuaj.

Cov txheej txheem no pab txhawb kom txo tau thaj chaw ntawm nkauj xwb thaj av tsim nyog rau qhov muaj sia nyob ntawm bolivaria. Kev phiv los ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj tua kab ntau-ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau cov pej xeem ntawm cov tsiaj nyob ze thaj av ua liaj ua teb. Qhov kev puas tsuaj loj tshaj rau cov kab teeb ci ntsa iab feem ntau yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev hlawv cov nroj tsuag.

Kev tiv thaiv kev ruaj ntseg tsim nyog thiab ntxiv

Hauv Phau Ntawv Liab ntawm Ukrainian SSR, nyob rau hauv uas cov tsiaj no suav nrog, raws li kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv, nws tau thov kom faib thaj chaw me me hauv thaj av steppe ntawm Crimea (ntawm Tarkhankut thiab Kerch peninsulas) thiab nyob rau yav qab teb qhov chaw siab ntawm lub foothills ntawm lub roob Crimea.

Hauv QC, cov lus pom zoo li no rau bolivaria tseem tsis tau maj nrawm. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau rov qab txiav txim hauv qhov tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm thaj chaw uas Mediterranean tsim, tshwj xeeb rau thaj av (thiab Lavxias Lavxias raws li tag nrho), raug tshwj tseg, thiab cov chaw ua si thauj khoom hauv cov ntug dej hiav txwv yuav tsum tau hloov mus.

Cov saib yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv cov npe ntawm cov khoom tiv thaiv ntawm txhua qhov chaw muaj kev tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv nws cheeb tsam thaj av: Abrausky, Bolshoi Utrish tshwj tseg (tiv thaiv), lub ntuj monuments Juniper Woodlands, Juniper hav zoov ntawm Sheskharis Hav Zoov, Yakhno ib cag, Cape Panagia ”,“ Karabetova Gora nrog Cov Roob Av Roob Kub (Karabetova Sopka) ”,“ Cape Zhelezniy Rog ”,“ Salt Lake ”[15, 16].

Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Liab phau ntawv ntawm Krasnodar ib cheeb tsam. 1. Avakyan, 1950, 2. Phau Ntawv Liab ntawm USSR, 1984, 3. Phau Ntawv Liab ntawm Republic of Dagestan, 1998, 4. Phau Ntawv Liab ntawm Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, 1999, 5. Phau Ntawv Liab ntawm RA, 2000, 6. Phau Ntawv Liab ntawm RO, 2004 7. SC Cov Ntawv Liab, 2002, 8. Cov Ntawv Liab ntawm Ukrainian SSR, 1980, 9. Minoransky, Demina, 1990, 10. Minoransky, Tikhonov, 1998, 11. Mukhin, 1992, 12. Nagalevsky, 1994, 13. Nikulin, Xyoo 1969, 14. Pravdin, 1978, 15. Ntawm kev xam phaj ..., 1983, 16. Ntawm kev xam phaj ..., 1988, 17. Ntawm kev pom zoo ..., 1998, 18. Stolyarov, Kalacheva, 2002, 19. Uzhakhov, King, 1990.20. Cov ntaub ntawv tsis tshaj tawm ntawm M. V. Stolyarov, 21. Cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm tsis dhau ntawm V. I. Schurov. Sau los ntawm M.V. Stolyaro