Caucasus yog nyob hauv Eurasia, thiab npog thaj chaw ncaj ncees. Nov yog roob loj roob uas muaj ciam teb ntuj:
- Nyob rau sab hnub poob nws tau ntxuav los ntawm dej ntws ntawm Azov thiab Dub Seas.
- Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, thaj av ntawd muaj ciam teb loj nyob ntawm ntug pas dej loj - Caspian Hiav Txwv.
- Qaum teb ciam teb yog kev nyuaj siab Kumo-Manych, uas ncab los ntawm Hiav Txwv Caspian mus rau Kerch Strait thiab Azov.
- Nyob rau sab qab teb, Caucasus muaj ciam teb dav dav nrog Armenia, Georgia thiab Azerbaijan. Cov kab sib cais tau khiav raws Armenian Volcanic Highlands thiab Araks River.
Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ib feem ntawm Caucasus, Qhov Main lossis Tau Faib Cov Ntsej Muag thiab Cov Pob Ncig Sab Nruab Nrab. Hauv thaj av no muaj cov roob siab tshaj plaws - cov npe nrov "tsib-txhiab". Lawv sib txawv hauv qhov ncov-zoo li cov ncov siab, cov tsheb thauj neeg ntse thiab cov pob zeb qis qis.
Daim duab. 1. Faib Rauj.
Cov Caucasus muaj lub ncov siab tshaj plaws tsis yog nyob hauv Russia xwb tab sis tseem nyob hauv Europe - Mount Elbrus (5642 m). Lub roob hluav taws no tu noob yog ib qho ntawm xya qhov siab tshaj plaws nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb. Tau ntau xyoo, nws tau nyiam cov neeg ncaws pob, cov neeg nce pob nce toj, cov neeg tuaj ncig ua si thiab tsuas yog txhua tus neeg uas xav tau kev nyiam ua lub toj roob hauv pes uas tsis nco qab.
Kev nyab xeeb nta
Caucasus nyob rau ntawm ciam teb ntawm ob qhov chaw ntu: ntuj thiab roob ris. Cov saw hlau ntawm cov roob siab muaj qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb rau kev tsim kev nyab xeeb ntawm thaj chaw no. Tsib txhiab txhiab roob hauv siab tiv thaiv qab teb qhov tob tob los ntawm cov cua muaj zog, thiab sab qaum teb foothills coj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cua daj cua dub. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov daus hnyav yuav tshwm sim hauv Lavxias teb sab Caucasus nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, thaum huab cua sov thiab qhuav rau hauv Caucasus.
Qhov siab zonation, uas yog tshwj xeeb tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv cov roob siab siab, tsim nyog tshwj xeeb:
- Tej nroj tsuag muaj qoob loo loj hlob hauv tej kwj ha
- saum toj no, sab-tawm thiab coniferous hav zoov pib noj,
- Pib mus rau lub roob siab tshaj, hav zoov raug hloov los ntawm alpine meadows,
- ua raws ib cheeb tsam ntawm mosses thiab lichens,
- lub peaks ntawm Caucasus roob lawv tus kheej tau them nrog dej khov thiab daus thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo.
Daim duab. 2. Alpine meadows ntawm Caucasus.
Qhov ntawm lub Caucasus
Vim nws thaj chaw thiab thaj chaw ntawm kev pab ntau, Caucasus muaj qhov tshwj xeeb. Ntawm no, nyob ib sab ntawm txhua tus, muaj cov hav zoov tuab heev thiab muaj cov hav zoov dav, cov tiaj nyom alpine thiab hav iav hav zoov.
Yav qaum teb foothills muaj cov huab cua txias dua, thiab thaj chaw ntsug hauv cov roob no yog qhov txawv txav ntawm cov huab cua hauv thaj chaw ntuj. Daus npog sab qaum teb toj ntawm Caucasus Toj siab twb dhau ntawm 2800 m.
Lub taub ntawm Caucasus yog nyob rau lub sijhawm yuav tsum muaj kev tiv thaiv tib neeg. Coob tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tsiaj hauv zos tau ploj ntais tuag, thiab qee cov tsiaj - tsov, moose, bison - tau ploj tag nrho.
Cov neeg Caucas
Thaj av no yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov neeg sib txawv, uas muaj ntau dua li tsib caug leej. Cov neeg ntawm North Caucasus tshwj xeeb tshaj yog. Laks, Avars, Dargins, Lezgins, Chechens, thiab ntau lwm cov neeg tau nyob ua ke hauv thaj chaw me me tau ntau xyoo. Nws yog qhov kev pom tau tias lawv txhua tus muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj kev coj noj coj ua txawv txav thiab tsis "yaj" nyob rau hauv cov haiv neeg hauv Caucasian.
Daim duab. 3. Cov neeg Coob leej.
Azerbaijanis, Armenians, thiab Georgians nyob hauv Transcaucasia. Txawm li cas los xij, lub teb chaws muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov xeev no kuj tsis yog homogeneous, thiab muaj ntau tus neeg Ossetians, Abkhazians, Kurds, Mountain Jewish, thiab Tatians nyob hauv no.
Txoj kev ntseeg tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg ntawm Caucasus yog Islam, sawv cev los ntawm Sunni thiab Shiite ceg ntoo. Qhov chaw thib ob yog Orthodox Christianity, uas yog professed los ntawm Georgians, Armenians, Ossetians.
Nyem Siab
Tsuas yog txoj kev pab cawm siav hauv qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no yog qhov laj thawj ntawm kev faib rau thaj tsam xav ua 8 thaj chaw. Qhov Caucasus yuav piav raws li qhov zoning no. Txawm nyob hauv Upper Proterozoic, lub dav hlau nyob hauv qhov chaw qhia tau dhau los ntawm theem ntawm geological kev hloov pauv mus rau txhua lwm yam. Raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm kev nce, qhov qis thiab tiaj, uas yuav tau los tham txog, ob daim ntawv loj - Scythian platform thiab 3 Nyob ze-Asian toj siab - los ua ciam teb (nruab nrab ntawm lawv yog qhov Tshaj Loj dua Caucasus nrog ob lub ncov qaum, coj los ntawm cov av faib ua 3 pawg). Qhov chaw Transcaucasian ze tshaj plaws rau peb tseem muaj nyob hauv qhov piav qhia toj roob hauv pes. Armenian (nrog Tsawg Tus Caucasus). Nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov daim ntawv khoov ntawm sab qab teb hnub poob qaum teb thiab qaum teb tshaj plaws yog thaj av Colchis Lowland (ciam teb ntawm Tebchaws Meskas thiab Tsawg Dua ntawm Caucasus, ib feem ntawm Kev Nyuaj Siab Riono-Kurinsky). Tab sis nws tsis yog hla-txiav. Ntawd yog, nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj, "ntaws pob" hla mus rau hauv qis dua ib nrab ntawm qhov kev nyuaj siab ntxhov siab. Nws tseem yuav qhia tau tias lub qaum teb qaum teb kawg ntawm thaj chaw hauv lub tebchaws yog ib lub xaib uas hla mus rau hauv hiav txwv. Qhov no yog Azov-Kuban txoj kab nqes (muaj qhov txawv ntawm qhov siab ntawm 100 txog 0 meters). Nws lub hydrography tau hloov kho zoo heev los ntawm cov kwj dej dag thiab qhov ntsuas qhov qub. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ib daim av tob ntawm cov lus qhia hauv tsab xov xwm. Peb tab tom tham txog Dagestan tawg ntawm Caspian trough. Qhov xwm ntawm Caucasus pauv nws lub ntsej muag los ntawm sab qaum teb-rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj mus rau 1,160 mais, tab sis txij sab qaum teb mus rau sab qab teb, thaj av dav dua li 600 km.
Ntug xwm
Lub thaj chaw ntawm thaj chaw ntawm North Caucasus tau pab ua kev tsim lub cim tshwj xeeb nrog rau huab cua me me thiab sov. Muaj ntau tus dej ntws hauv thaj av no: roob thiab toj siab, sib sib zog nqus thiab ntiav, kev ncig thiab ntsiag to. Cov av yog nto moo rau cov khoom hauv av, qhov chaw cog txiv ntoo thiab tsob ntoo, cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, thaj txiv hmab, cog nplej thiab tshuaj yej ua paj, thiab suav ntau yam paj suav, suav zoo nkauj.
Tab sis lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm cov toj roob hauv pes, ntawm chav kawm, yog qhov raug cai ntawm cov roob ntawm North Caucasus nrog qhov ntev txog 1,100 kis lus mev. Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm Caucasus: Mount Elbrus - 5642 meters siab thiab Kazbek - 5032 meters.
Ntau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav nplua nuj nyob hauv cov zaub mov tau raug tshawb pom hauv thaj av dav; hauv cov chaw so no tau qhib uas tau khwv tau koob meej thoob ntiaj teb thiab muaj koob meej hauv cov nroog ntawm North Caucasus: Kislovodsk, Mineralnye Vody, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk. Kev kho cov roj tawm ntawm cov chaw so txawv hauv lawv cov ntxhia pob zeb thiab qhov kub thiab txias, tab sis tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig. Vim tias thaj chaw ntawm thaj chaw ntawm North Caucasus, cov xwm ceev tau nyob rau ntawm no, nyob rau hauv uas muaj cov tsiaj thiab tsiaj muaj tsawg.
Los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm thaj chaw, North Caucasus yog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub tiaj thiab roob, noo noo ntawm thaj chaw sov thiab cov av qhuav. Derbent, Arkhyz, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki - cov npe ntawm cov nroog ntawm North Caucasus tau ntev los paub cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uas txaus siab rau thaj av ntawd rau nws qhov muaj xim zoo nkauj thiab kev tos txais ntawm cov neeg hauv zos. Ib qho ntxiv, cheeb tsam muaj qhov ze mus rau peb lub hiav txwv: cov Dub, Azov thiab Caspian. Cov peev txheej hauv cov cheeb tsam no yog sawv cev los ntawm kev tso nyiaj ntau ntawm cov roj thiab cov roj, muaj peev xwm loj hauv av ntau ntau, cov peev txheej ntawm cov hlau, uranium ores, hom ntoo muaj txiaj ntsig, ntses thiab nqaij ntses.
Muaj pes tsawg leeg haiv neeg
Sab Qaum Teb Caucasus muaj ntau haiv neeg nyob hauv nws lub teb chaws muaj pes tsawg leeg. Muaj ntau haiv neeg nyob ntawm no.
Cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm North Caucasus:
Yog tias koj siv tsheb ciav hlau ncig ntawm Caucasus, koj tuaj yeem tham nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ntau haiv neeg, vim tias cov phooj ywg zoo thiab cov neeg nyob ntawm no.
Cov republics muaj nyob rau hauv cov haiv neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm North Caucasus:
- Adygea
- Dagestan
- Hmoob
- Kabardino-Servicesia,
- Cov Kev Pab Cuam-Cherkessia,
- Qaum teb Ossetia,
- Chechnya
Ntawm nws thaj chaw muaj plaub caug-ob haiv neeg uas hais ntau dua ib puas hom lus. Kwv yees li 9,7 lab tus tib neeg nyob rau cov tseem fwv qaum teb Caucasus.
Ntau haiv neeg
Abkhazians yog cov neeg nyob sab hnub poob hauv cheeb tsam no. Feem ntau ntawm lawv tshaj tawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv, tab sis txij li xyoo pua 15, los ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm thaj chaw, cov Muslims tau tshwm sim. Txij li sijhawm puag thaum ub, lawv txoj haujlwm tau ua cov ntaub pua plag, paj ntaub, ntoo.
Circassians yog cov neeg qub nyob sab hnub tuaj. Sab qaum teb foothills ntawm Caucasus, nrog rau qis dua ntawm Terek thiab Sunzha ntws, yog thaj chaw lawv nyob. Qhov no yog qhov chaw nyob niaj hnub ntawm Kev Pab-Cherkessia.
Kabardinians koom nrog thaj chaw nrog Balkars; lawv txhua tus yog cov Neeg Circassians, uas tau nrov npe tau ntev ua rau cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab kws ntaus hlau.
Svans yog haiv neeg qaum teb ntawm Georgians, muaj lawv cov lus thiab kev coj noj coj ua. Lawv qhov chaw nyob yog alpine feem ntawm Georgia ntawm qhov chaw siab tshaj 2500 meters.
Ossetians - ib qho ntawm cov neeg feem ntau ntawm Qeb Qaum Teb North, muaj Iranian keeb kwm. Lub nceeg vaj txheej thaum ub ntawm Ossetians Alania - Cov ntseeg Vajtswv hauv nws thawj daim ntawv tau ua ntau pua xyoo.
Ingush thiab Chechens yog haiv neeg ze. Lawv feem ntau hais rau Islam, tsuas yog Chechens los ntawm Georgia.
Lezgins Nyob hauv thaj av sab hnub tuaj, Lezgins, raws li cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov pejxeem txheej thaum ub muaj nyob rau yav Qab Teb Dagestan, muaj cov kab lis kev cai ntau ntau.
Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb hauv lub neej ntawm txhua haiv neeg no yog thaj chaw nyob ntawm North Caucasus. Nyob rau ntawm tus ciam teb ntawm lub tebchaws Ottoman, Lavxias lub tebchaws thiab Byzantium, lawv tau muaj hom phiaj rau kev ua tub rog yav dhau los, tus cwj pwm uas tau xav txog hauv kev puas ntsoog thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm Caucasians.
Azov-Kuban tiaj
Qhov qis dua ntawm Kuban yog twb qhia los ntawm lub npe ntawm thaj chaw txuas ntxiv. Kuban nws tus kheej ntawm qhov chaw mus rau qhov ncauj muaj qhov deb ntawm 870 kis lus mev. Ntawm cov dej ntws uas pub nws, ntws ncaj qha rau daim ntawm Krasnodar Territory yog Qub Kuban, Kirpili, Sosyka, qis qis dua ntawm Ei, Beisug thiab Chelbas, thiab cov dej qab teb ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm Don. Feem ntau ntawm cov dej lub cev tau teev tseg saum toj saud qoob loo av. Thaj chaw ntawd tseem muaj bays - Yeisk, Taganrog, Taman. Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov pas dej tau ua los ntawm estuaries - Vityazevsky, Kyzyltashsky, Kurchansky, Akhtanizovsky (ntawm cov dej saum npoo dej tom qab thaum Lub Yim Hli - Lub Cuaj Hli pib, koj yuav tsum qhuas lub qhaus).
Elbrus
Lub ncov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov roob ntawm North Caucasus. Elbrus yog lub khob hliav khov ntawm lub roob hluav taws khov, uas tam sim no nyob hauv lub xeev qhov chaw so. Raws li cov tswvyim hais ua dabneeg, nws tau nyob ntawm nws tias titanium Prometheus tau raug muab saw hlau rau pob zeb rau tus neeg mob kom muab hluav taws rau tib neeg. Nyob rau hauv cov dej khov loj heev ntawm Elbrus, lub hauv paus ntawm roob hav tuaj, uas, sib koom ua ke, ntws mus rau hauv Kuban - tus dej loj nyob rau sab qaum teb Caucasus. Nyob rau hauv lub plab ntawm lub roob no, cov roj pawg tseem npau npau, uas yog cov khoom siv cua kub uas muaj cov ntxhia roj carbon thiab carbon dioxide. Lawv qhov kub tau mus txog + 52 thiab + 60 0 С.
Ciscaucasia
Qhov xwm txheej ntawm North Caucasus tau tso rau hauv nruab nrab lossis qis dua ntawm ntau cov dej hauv thaj chaw no. Txhua tus tib Kuban, Eya, Beisug thiab Chelbas ntws ntawm no. Txog rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm lawv nqa lawv cov dej Belaya, Laba, Terek (nrog cov coob ntawm cov channel thiab lub tes tsho) thiab Kuma (lawv lub hauv paus tau muab zais hauv lub kaus mom ntawm roob sib txawv). Ntau yam txuas nrog. Cov dej ntws qeeb kom mus txog rau ntawm cov ruam, teb thiab vaj ntawm Ciscaucasia: Baksan, Bolshoi thiab Maly Zelenchuk, Urup, Teberda, Malka thiab Podkumok. Toj roob hauv pes tsis muaj pas dej loj. Tab sis nyob rau hauv nws lub bosom yog tag nrho ntawm cov chaw ntim - Krasnodar, Kuban, Shapsug, Kryukov, Varnavinsky. Lawv puav leej pab txoj kev ua dej nyob rau ntawm thaj chaw "loj dua" ntawm Lavxias. Ntawm kev lem sab qaum teb yog qhov Manych River nrog Manyich-Gudilo Lake, uas ua kom qhuav hauv tshav kub.
Western caucasus
Qhov thib peb ntawm "tus neeg faus" ntawm Greater Caucasus, uas nyob rau qee qhov chaw dhau mus nws sab qab teb, yog qhov kub siab tshaj plaws. Cov huab qis tsis dhau mus ntawm cov nquab, ntau cov dej ntau dhau, nce hav zoov, roob nag. Nws yog qhov chaw zoo li ntawd “tsim” ntau cov dej tsaws tsag. Lawv muaj npe nrov rau cov dej ntws Belaya, Mzymta, Urup, Bolshaya Zelenchuk, Psheha, Mezmay thiab Kurdzhips ntws, suav tsis txheeb cov dej ntws ntawm Greater Gelendzhik, Tuapse thiab Sochi. Ntawm ceg av qab teb ntawm Abrau yog lub pas dej nto moo ntawm cov qhua spa thiab cov neeg nyiam champagne. Me me, zoo li tus so ntawm cov dej ntim ntawm Western Caucasus. Qhov twg muaj dej ntau, ntawm chav kawm, ntxiv kev cog paj. Thiab tam sim no hais txog cov av ntawm Caucasian cia. Ntawm nws lub chaw nyob muaj cov pas dej roob. Qhov huv thiab txias tshaj. Lub pas dej Karakel me me tau muab zais hauv lub hav ntawm Teberda River. Hauv Western Abkhazia, lub pas dej pob tshab Ritsa, lub Bzyb (Pitsunda) thiab Kodor dej ntws (tsuas yog sab qab teb ntawm Sukhum) tau nrov ntawm cov dej lub cev. Lawv kuj yog huv thiab muaj qhov pib siab.
Qhov Hauv Caucas
Qhov Caucasus tau teeb tsa kom nws nyob ntawm no feem ntau ntawm nws cov cim “lub siab tshaj plaws ntawm lub roob no thiab, raws li, cov dej ntws tsis meej tshaj plaws. Nws yog qhov yooj yim twv seb cov gorges hauv koog tsev kawm no yuav yog qhov tob tshaj plaws. Noj, piv txwv li, lub Baksan, Cherek-Kulamsky, Cherek, Chegem, Urukh, Fiagdon, Gizeldon, hav dej Genaldon. Lub siab tshaj plaws ntawm pob zeb ledges yuav luag tag nrho npog lub ntuj. Thiab hauv qee thaj chaw lawv zais nws. Txawm nyob rau hnub tshav ntuj sov hnub los nws yuav tsaus ntuj thiab zoo li txias. Hauv kev sib tham txog tej tais ntuj, peb taw tawm xya lub Pas Dej Xiav Me me. Lawv nyob hauv Kabarda.
Caucasus Sab Hnub Tuaj
Lub ntsiab dej hauv thaj av ntawm thaj av no yog Terek, Sunzha, Kuma, Sulak, Koisu thiab Samur, ntws los ntawm nroog loj thiab chaw nyob ntawm thaj chaw sab hnub tuaj ib nrab ntawm North Ossetia, ntxiv rau dhau ntawm Ingushetia, Chechnya thiab Dagestan. Qhov peculiarity ntawm dej lub cev yog nce tortuosity (geological formations ntawm no zoo ib yam li cov ntawv hla - txhua yam ntawm lawv yuav tsum tau bypassed, lossis theej ntws ncig). Dej ntws mus rau hauv Hiav Txwv Caspian. Qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws yog Kuma thiab Terek. Thawj tus ntawm qee qhov ncab yog ciam teb ntawm Tebchaws Europe thiab Asia, nrog ntev txog 802 kis lus mev. Qhov thib ob "qhov muag plooj" ntawm 623 km. Muaj lub phiab loj heev, nws pub tau ntau pua qhov kwj dej, yog qhov ciam teb ntawm roob sib txawv ntawm Ossetia thiab Chechnya. Nyob rau hauv lub roob ntawm Dagestan thiab Chechnya muaj ntau lub pas dej nyob rau ntawm qhov siab ntawm alpine stratum.
Toj Siab Lowch
Qhov xwm ntawm Caucasus ua siab dav txais lub cheeb tsam nrog dej ntws, uas tam sim ntawd poob rau ob lub hwj chim niaj hnub - Abkhazia thiab Georgia. Nyob rau sab hnub poob, nws pib nrog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm ob lub txaj dej - Ingura (Abkhazia) thiab Rioni (Georgia). Txhua tus kwj deg Colchis koom nrog rau qhov phiab ntawm tom kawg. Ntxiv mus, twb tsuas yog tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv Georgia, qhov dej ntws ntawm Ingur (ntawm no nws hu ua Inguri) thiab Rioni cais cov yav qab teb foothills ntawm Greater Caucasus los ntawm sab qaum teb toj ntawm Maly. Ntxiv mus, qhov ntev ntawm Rioni channel yog 327 kis lus mev. Nws cov peev txheej twb tau pom ntawm Mount Pasismt. Cov dej ntws no pub rau ntawm qhov chaw pov dej xws li Tskheniskali, Tikhuri thiab Kvirila. Tseem muaj ntau leej thiab. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, lub tais ntawm qhov dej system yog 13,400 square metres. km "Rioni" txhais tau tias yog "dej loj." Lub hydronym yog tsim los ntawm cov lus "ri" thiab "en", coj los ntawm cov lus ntawm cov Svans. Hauv lub pas dej yog lub nroog Georgian ntawm Poti thiab Kutaisi. Nyob hauv thaj tsam thaj tsam ntawm thawj koj yuav ntsib nrog lub pas dej tshwj xeeb estuary Poliostomi (nrog ntug dej hiav txwv). Qhov qis qis yog suav tias yog qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm Caucasus. Sab Hnub Tuaj ntawm thaj av piav qhia tsuas yog lub roob me me "choj" hla, cais Colchis los ntawm lwm qhov "gerow" pob zeb "- hav hav Kura. Nyob ntawm Dub Ntug Dej hiav txwv, Colchis belongs rau cov phiaj xwm south rau Kobuleti.
Hav Hav Dej Kura
Cov dej "leeg ntshav" yog qhov ntev tshaj plaws nyob hauv Caucasus (1364 km). Cov haiv neeg uas nyob ntawm nws cov ntug dej hiav txwv (Kurdish Turks, Georgians thiab Azerbaijanis) muaj lawv tus kheej cov ntawv luam tawm ntawm hydronym. Kura, Mktvari thiab Kur. Hauv Georgian, qhov no txhais tau tias "dej zoo." Hauv lwm haiv lus ob hom lus - "pas dej" lossis tsuas "chaw cia khoom". Lub hauv paus ntawm cov dej pov tseg yog zais rau hauv Armenian Highlands (Turkish seem, Kurds). Ib tus dej ntws mus rau hauv Hiav Txwv Caspian, hauv thaj av ntawm Azerbaijani Yenikand. Cov dej ntws muaj ntau tus ceg ntoo tseem ceeb (Bolshaya Liakhvi, Alazani, Ksani, Araks, Veri thiab Aragvi), ua rau lub chaw dej loj (188,000 sq. Km.). Ntawm tus ntug dej ntawm Kura yog ancient agglomerations tag nrho ntawm cov txheej txheem kem tsev. Tbilisi, Mtskheta, Borjomi, Gori, Rustavi, Mengechevir, Sabirabad thiab Shirvan. Rau cov kws tshawb fawb toj roob hauv pes, Kura phiab yog cheeb tsam huab cua txawv. Vim li cas? Tshawb nrhiav nyob rau ntawm ntu Flora thiab Fauna.
Tsawg Caucasus thiab Armenian Highlands
Nruab nrab-qhov siab toj siab muab rau hauv cov npe tsuas yog txwv rau cov dej ntws Rioni, Kura, Likhvsky caj dab, Asia Minor Plateau, thiab nyob rau sab qab teb thiab sab hnub tuaj - los ntawm cov roob loj heev ntawm Iranian toj siab thiab cov toj roob hauv pes Lankaran Lowland ntawm Azerbaijan. Sab hauv tib thaj av (tam sim ntawd ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv, Georgia, Armenia thiab Azerbaijan), Araks (tshwj xeeb yog qis dua toj) thiab Vorotan ntws. Kuj tseem muaj dej ntim hauv pas dej - Lake Sevan (qhov loj tshaj plaws), thaj chaw dej yav qab teb ntawm Mingachevir, thiab cov dej ntws pov tseg ntawm Terter River. Los ntawm txoj kev, hauv Armenian, lub npe ntawm hydrological object suab zoo li Tartarus (tsis yog lub ciam teb yav dhau los ntawm lub teb chaws txheej thaum ub ntawm peb cov Indo-European cov pog koob yawg koob ntawm Tartaria?). Qhov Nruab Nrab thiab qis Araks yog qhov dej ntws tag nrho uas cov nroog ntawm Meghri (Armenia) thiab Saatli (Azerbaijan) sawv ntsug. Vorotan yog tus dej ntev thib ob (tom qab Araks) hauv Armenia. Nws qhov ntev yog 178 mais, thiab lub pas dej yog 5650 square metres. km Nws ntws dhau ntawm cov tuam tsev qub dhau los, dhau ntawm Dej Xeb xiav, dhau mus rau thaj av tsis sib haum ntawm cov av npe hu ua Nagorno-Karabakh.
Sandy ntug hiav txwv ntawm cheeb tsam nroog Anapa (Russia)
Qhov xwm ntawm Caucasus ntug dej hiav txwv tau yug los rau ntau qhov chaw ua huab cua, kev nyab xeeb thiab av nkos. Qee tus npaj siab rau khav ua kom sib luag rau 0.3 - 1-ncua deb-dav kab txaij ntawm cov xuab zeb dawb huv thiab ntiav txog 15 mais ntev. Cov xuab zeb ib txwm zoo siab rau cov niam txiv ntawm cov menyuam! Vim hais tias nyob rau ntawm ib tug ntug dej muaj ib tug tiaj thiab ntiav hauv qab. Hauv kev pom txog qhov no, Anapa (zoo li Crimean Evpatoria) raug suav hais tias yog menyuam yaus chaw so. Hauv kev nkag siab dav dav, peb tab tom tham txog kev ncua kev puam, mus ntawm ciam teb nrog Taman ceg av mus rau Anapa “chaw pw hav zoov” chav dej. Nws suav nrog qhov nti uas sib cais rau hiav txwv los ntawm Kiziltash thiab Vityazevsky feem ntau. Thiab lawv tau hlub los ntawm cua ncig.
Caucasus State Reserve (Russia)
Feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov, cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov xwm txheej ntawm Caucasus tau qhia lawv tus kheej hauv toj roob hauv pes cov chaw ua si lawv tus kheej. Cov kab lus yog muab rau cov nto moo tshaj plaws (hauv cov roob) toj roob hauv pes siv. GZ "Caucasian" yog nyob ntawm thaj av ntawm Krasnodar Thaj Chaw, Cov koom pheej ntawm Adygea thiab me ntsis khaws qhov chaw ntawm KCR. Nws yog cov puag ncig puag ncig xws li Achishkho, Aishkha, Pseashkho, Fisht, Oshten, Psheho-Su thiab lwm tus. Nyob rau sab qaum teb ib puag ncig lawv yog lub toj siab Adyghe toj siab ntawm Lagonaki, "lub paj Lub Xya Hli Lub Hlis ntawm Adygea". Lwm lub sijhawm, qhov no yog ... tundra. Lub qab roob taw qhia yog qhov pom tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov kab ntawm Azish Range. Thiab lub qhov rooj nkag mus rau nws yuav qhib rau cov neeg uas siv txoj kev loj A-159, uas yog tus coj ncig tshaj plaws ntawm lub zos. Guzeripl ("portal" rau thaj chaw tiv thaiv ntawm thaj chaw ntuj no). 8 lub qhov ntev pub rau ntawm alpine meadows. Lub cheeb tsam tswj hwm thaj chaw muaj xws li Sochi Nature Park nto moo.
Elbrus cheeb tsam thiab Kabardino-Balkarian siab roob cia (Tebchaws Russia)
Rau ntau, qhov xwm ntawm North Caucasus muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog qhov no - lub "ru tsev ntawm Caucasus." Cov kev sib tham yog li 5642 meters siab dua hiav txwv. Qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws hauv kev kuaj xyuas thiab nce rau Elbrus yog nqa tawm los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. Hauv cheeb tsam Elbrus, koj yuav raug xa los ntawm A-158 txoj kev, pib sab qab teb los ntawm R-217 txoj kev loj (hauv thaj av ntawm Kabardian lub nroog Baksan). Nyob hauv lub zos Elbrus thiab Terskol "cable tsheb" thiab cov tsev tiv thaiv. Toj yog nrov vim tias nws pom ntawm CBD, KCR, Georgia, Abkhazia, Stavropol.
Dombay (Russia)
Coob leej ntau tus zoo siab tias Caucasian xwm tau tsim qhov chaw no thiab. Ntxiv rau Dombay-Ulgen ncov (4046 m.), Uas tau mus ncig los ntawm Austrians thiab ntau qhov chaw lom zem nyob hauv toj siab, lub roob toj siab tso cai rau koj mus ntsib glaciers, dej tsaws tsag thiab ... sau daim ntawv ya. Kev pabcuam (xws li hauv Teberd) tsis yog heev. Txawm hais tias cov chaw ntiav pw zoo nkauj.
Barkhan Sary-Kum (Russia)
Thaum kawg, ib tus tsis tuaj yeem hais txog qhov chaw nyob ib puag ncig uas Caucasian xwm zoo sib xws nrog Central thiab txawm tias yog Neeg Asmeskas Qaum Teb. Lub suab puam tshaj plaws hauv lub ntiaj teb tsis nyob hauv Sahara lossis hauv Karakum. Nws nyob ntawm tsuas yog 37 km qaum teb hnub poob ntawm Makhachkala, "lub peev" ntawm Dagestan. Cov kws tshawb fawb sib cav txog nws keeb kwm. Ntawm no peb ua lub digression. Suab puam muaj nyob rau cov koom pheej no thiab nyob ntawm ciam teb nrog Kalmykia.
Shirvan National Park (Azerbaijan)
Qhov ntau haiv neeg ntawm Caucasus qhov tseem qhia tawm los ntawm cov piv txwv ntawm lub roob Caspian thaj av, nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm suab puam Azerbaijani, nyob ze ntawm nruab nrab-nroog nroog ntawm Shirvan. Muaj cov av nkos hluav taws loj heev, nkauj xwb pas dej Shor-gel thiab Chala-gel, lub teb chaws loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg gazelles, "pib" ntawm txoj kev ua rau cov roj hlawv. Lub cim loj ntawm cov chaw muaj kev tiv thaiv, cov neeg hu rau ntau txhiab tulips.
Hla Hla (Georgia)
Lwm "cib" nyob rau hauv ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov Caucasus tso qhov chaw tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm qhov "qhov tseem ceeb" hla kev hla Cajcasus. "Qhov chaw siab tshaj plaws ntawm Thaj Chaw Nruab Nrab ntawm Sab Nruab Nrab thiab Sab Hnub Tuaj", "lub hlaws ntawm Georgian Tub Rog Kev Loj", "chaw da dej tseem ceeb ntawm Georgia" - thaj chaw no tau txais ntau lub npe thiab "npe". Daus sawv ib xyoos puag ncig. Nws yog pom tseeb qhov twg ntau cov dej ntws ntws los ntawm thiab qhov tseeb tau yees duab tawm tsam cov keeb kwm ntawm glaciers. Cov kwv yog qhia los ntawm pointers, stele, nres. Tam sim no cia qhia qhov siab ntawm lub roob hla kev. Nws yog sib npaug rau 2379 m. Lub taub hau yog tig!
Lub pas dej Sevan (Armenia)
Ntawm daim pheem thib ntawm lub teb chaws tau qhia los ntawm txoj kab saum toj no, lub pas dej no yog thawj zaug uas ntes koj lub qhov muag. Yog li ntawd, nws tiav niam txiv nyiam lub ntsiab. Peb coj mus rau hauv tus account tias lub xeev, hais ncaj, tsis yog nplua nuj nyob hauv lwm lub tais dej ... Sevan yog lub pas dej loj tshaj plaws rau Caucasus, thiab cov neeg txawv teb chaws nco qab lub phantasmagoria los ntawm paj hiav txwv buckthorn bushes thiab tib lub ci (caij nplooj ntoo hlav) txiv ntoo. Tag nrho tus ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Sevan, qhov tseeb, tau nruab nrog ib qho chaw tos txais zoo, nyob ib puag ncig ntawm txoj kev zoo. Raws txoj kev ncig yog chaw ncig xyuas chaw tos qhua thiab chaw tos qhua. Muaj chaw ua si. Nyiam nws los yog tsis, lub ntuj nyiam ua ntev tau hloov mus ua lub tsev so thiab kev lom zem mecca ntawm kev ncig xyuas chaw. Ib daim ntawv sau ncaj qha los ntawm Yerevan yuav "tuaj" ntawm no.
Cov lus pom zoo rau cov neeg mus ncig tebchaws
Yog li, ntawm no peb tau nthuav qhia rau tus nyeem cov nta ntawm qhov xwm ntawm Caucasus. Thiab hauv qhov no kuv xav muab qee cov lus qhia ntxiv. Nws yog qhov yooj yim dua rau kev kawm txog cov thaj chaw ntawm cov chaw txuag, cov chaw ua si xwm thiab cov chaw ceev tseg, tau koom nrog cov neeg koom nrog kev ncig xyuas ncig. Nws tsis paub qhov twg lub roob hitchhiking lossis kev ywj pheej ntau hnub taug kev tsis muaj kev qhia yuav coj koj mus. Tab sis cov kab txaij hilly thiab tiaj tiaj, uas muaj ntau yam sib xyaw ua ke, kev thauj khoom thiab lwm yam kev pabcuam, yoojyim dua rau kev ncig xyuas "tsiaj qus". Peb ntaus txoj kev! Qhov uas tsis suav yuav muaj tsuas yog cov kev kawm ntawm North Caucasus Tsoom Fwv Tsev Kawm Ntawv raws li Chechnya, Ingushetia thiab Dagestan. Nws nrawm dua mus nrhiav phau ntawv qhia kev tsav tsheb hauv cov neeg tsav tsheb hauv tsev tshaj qhov chaw ua haujlwm zoo tsim nyog.
Lub tswv yim zoo rau kev kawm ywj siab ntawm cov nroog thiab cov zos (nrog rau cov ntawv tseb uas nyob ib sab) dag ntawm cov kev no. M-4 ("Don") yuav coj koj mus rau Hiav Txwv Dub ncaj qha los ntawm Zlatoglava. M-217 "Caucasus" khawm cov nplais ntawm peb thaj chaw ntawm thaj chaw ntawm sab qaum teb, thiab tom qab ntawd los ntawm sab hnub tuaj. A-147 ua raws hiav txwv, los ntawm Dzhubga, dhau los ntawm Loj Sochi, thiab los ntawm nws cov chaw kuaj xyuas mus rau Abkhazia. A-149 (Adler - Rosa Khutor) ncaim ntawm nws, winding raws Mzymta mus rau lub roob ntawm Krasnaya Polyana. A-159 qhia txog kev zoo nkauj ntawm txhua qhov ntawm South Adygea. A-161 ("Georgian Tub Rog") coj los ntawm Vladikavkaz mus rau Tbilisi. A-155 ("Cov Tub Rog Sukhum") khiav tawm ntawm yav qab teb Stavropol los ntawm tag nrho ntawm KCR mus rau lub chaw uasi ntawm Dombay. Nws tseem yog qhov yuav tsum tau qhia txog A-156 (koj mus rau Psebay los ntawm nws hauv Teberda hav). A-164 ("Tub Rog Ossetian") ceeb toom North Ossetia los ntawm Sab Qab Teb. A-165 sai txuas cov neeg nyob ntawm Cherkessk nrog cov sanatoriums thiab cov chaw ntawm Pyatigorsk. Txoj kev loj los ntawm Samur chaw ntsuam xyuas mus rau Baku raug lees paub li Seaside kev loj ntawm Azerbaijan. Txoj kev tsheb AN-81 - AN-82 yog txoj kev tseem ceeb ntawm Armenia (Yerevan, Lake Sevan). Txoj kev Poti-Tbilisi, uas yog tag nrho ntawm txoj kev khoov, kuj muaj txiaj ntsig (nws txuas Colchis nrog Georgian qhov ntawm Kura Valley). Thov nco ntsoov tias tsuas yog ntawm cov kev tiv thaiv asphalt no yog txoj kev khav theeb thiab hmo ntuj txoj kev nyab xeeb.
Thaum kawg, ob peb cov lus ceeb toom tau tsim nyog. Qhov zoo siab nyob rau hauv uas Caucasian xwm coj peb yuav tsum tsis txhob ua qhov xwm txheej txaus ntshai. Zam rau qhov "tus kheej ntawm tus kheej" (tsis yog ib feem ntawm txoj kev npaj nrawm nrog cov kws qhia) nce mus rau thaj chaw siab ntawm kev piav qhia lub roob siv. Piv txwv li, Cov Ntsej Muag Sib Tw (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Bezengi Phab Ntsa), Bambaki massif (huab cua tsis paub txog ntawm Caucasian GZ) tsis zam txim rau kev ua yuam kev, thiab tseem muaj roob uas nyuaj rau hla. Cov uas nyob ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm Lavxias Chechnya thiab Dagestan nrog xeev Georgia.
Qhov kawg ntawm ntu hauv qab no kuj txaus ntshai los ntawm qhov pom ntawm nooks qhov twg cov neeg phem zais. Thiab yog tias peb twb tau kov raws li lub sijhawm nom tswv, tom qab ntawd sim mus nyob deb ntawm Nagorno-Karabakh - qhov ntau ntawm thaj chaw tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Azerbaijan thiab Armenia. Thiab, ntawm chav kawm, koj yuav tsum tsis txhob mus rau hauv Georgia los ntawm Abkhazia lossis South Ossetia. Lossis dai nrog cov thwj cim ciam teb ntawm cov tebchaws no hla tebchaws uantej nkag mus rau “lub tebchaws” cov toasts, cawv zoo, nqaij ci, khav khav thiab cheese.
Tau ntau pua xyoo dhau los, cov neeg Caucasus tau nyiam cov pab pawg neeg thiab cov neeg thaum ub, nrog rau cov tib neeg uas ua kev lom zem - cov kws sau ntawv thiab paj huam, cov kws ua yeeb yam thiab cov neeg paub txog kev ntseeg. Nws yog lawv cov uas sau thawj zaj dab neeg txog cov av zoo heev uas cov ntawv nyeem tau mob siab rau. Ntawm no clashes ntawm cov qub teb chaws, biocenoses, tib neeg armies coj qhov chaw. Tsis txhob mus rau sab qab teb ntawm Don, Manych thiab Kuma txhais tau tias plam ntau yam hauv koj lub neej.
Toj roob hauv pes North Caucasus
Ntawm thaj chaw ntawm North Caucasus yog Krasnodar thiab Stavropol Territories, Rostov Thaj Chaw thiab Kabardino-servia, North Ossetia thiab Dagestan, Chechnya thiab Ingushetia. Cov roob siab, cov hav txwv yeem, cov tiaj suab puam, cov hav zoov ua rau thaj chaw no muaj kev txaus siab rau kev ncig xyuas.
Cov tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm cov roob yog North Caucasus. Nws qhov sib txawv nrog qhov siab. Cov toj roob hauv pes ntawm thaj chaw tau muab faib ua 3 thaj chaw:
Lub ciam teb sab qaum teb thaj tsam txuas nruab nrab ntawm tus dej Kuban thiab Terek. Muaj ib tug steppe cheeb tsam. Sab qab teb pib thaj av foothill, uas xaus nrog ntau lub caij nqaj hlau.
Cov huab cua cuam tshuam los ntawm cov roob ntau thiab qhov sib thooj ntawm cov hiav txwv - Dub, Azov, thiab Caspian. Cov dej sov uas muaj peev xwm pom nyob hauv North Caucasus muaj cov tshuaj bromine, radium, iodine, thiab potassium.
Toj siab ntawm qaum teb Caucasus
Los ntawm thaj chaw huab cua txias nyob rau sab qaum teb mus rau thaj tsam kub yav qab teb, qhov xwm ntawm Russia nthuav. Caucasus yog lub roob siab tshaj nyob hauv lub tebchaws. Lawv tsim thaum lub sij hawm alpine folding.
Lub kaw lus ntawm Caucasus Toj siab yog suav tias yog cov qauv ntoo hluas, ib yam li Apennines, Carpathians, Alps, Pyrenees, Himalayas. Alpine folding yog lub sijhawm kawg ntawm tectogenesis. Nws coj mus rau ntau lub roob nthuav dav. Nws yog npe tom qab Alps, qhov twg txoj kev coj ua qhov tshwm sim ntau tshaj plaws.
Thaj chaw ntawm North Caucasus yog sawv cev ntawm cov roob ntawm Elbrus, Kazbek, Rocky thiab Pasture Range, Hla Pass. Thiab qhov no tsuas yog lub me me, nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntu thiab toj.
Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm North Caucasus yog Kazbek, nws qhov siab tshaj yog nyob ib puag ncig ntawm 5033 m. Thiab lub roob hluav taws hluav taws kub Elbrus - 5642 m.
Vim tias txoj kev loj hlob ntawm geological nyuaj, thaj chaw thiab thaj av ntawm Caucasus roob yog nplua nuj nyob hauv cov roj av thiab cov roj av. Muaj cov kev tawm ntawm cov zaub mov - muaj mercury, tooj liab, tungsten, polymetallic ores.
Nta ntawm hom xwm ntawm North Caucasus
Kev sib txuam ntawm cov ntxhia dej muaj qhov sib txawv, sib txawv hauv lawv cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab qhov kub thiab txias, tuaj yeem nrhiav hauv cov chaw no. Kev siv txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov dej tau coj mus rau lo lus nug ntawm kev tsim cov chaw so. Essentuki, Mineralnye Vody, Zheleznovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk yog qhov nrov npe rau lawv cov khoom siv thiab cov sanatoriums.
Qhov xwm ntawm North Caucasus tau muab faib rau thaj chaw noo thiab qhuav. Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm cov dej nag yog Dej hiav txwv Atlantic. Vim li ntawd, thaj chaw faus ntawm thaj chaw sab hnub poob yog qhov uas noo heev. Thaum lub cheeb tsam sab hnub tuaj raug quab yuam dub (muaj plua av) cua daj cua dub, muaj cua hlob, muaj ntuj qhuav.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub North Caucasus muaj nyob rau hauv ntau haiv neeg huab cua. Hauv txhua lub caij, dej txias ntawm Arctic, ntub - ntawm Atlantic, chaw kub thiab muaj xyoob ntoo - ntawm Mediterranean tuaj yeem nkag rau thaj chaw. Huab cua hloov pauv, hloov pauv rau lwm tus, nqa ntau yam ntawm huab cua hloov.
Ntawm thaj chaw ntawm North Caucasus kuj tseem muaj cua hauv zos - foehn. Cua txias saum roob, ntog vau, maj mam kho kom sov. Tus dej kub dhau lub ntiaj teb. Qhov no tsim cov cua tshuab.
Feem ntau, cov huab cua txias los rau hauv Caucasus caj dab thiab khoov nyob ib puag ncig nws los ntawm sab hnub tuaj thiab sab hnub poob. Tom qab ntawd ib lub khaub zig cua daj cua dub nyob hauv thaj chaw, rhuav tshem rau cov ntoo muaj cua sov.
Kev Nyab Xeeb
Caucasus Qaum Teb (North Caucasus) nyob ntawm tus ciam teb thaj chaw ntawm thaj chaw huab cua thiab qhov chaw kub thiab muaj kauv. Qhov no muab cov huab cua ua mos thiab kom sov. Lub caij ntuj no luv, uas kav txog ob hlis, lub caij ntuj sov ntev - txog 5.5 hli. Qhov kev tshav ntuj ntau nyob hauv cheeb tsam no yog vim muaj tib qho kev ncua deb ntawm kab nruab nrab thiab tus ncej. Yog li ntawd, qhov Xwm Caucasus yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov xim daj thiab ci ntsa iab ntawm cov xim.
Muaj ntau cov dej nag nyob rau toj siab. Qhov no yog vim muaj qhov tseeb tias huab cua tso tawm, nyob ntawm qhov chaw siab thiab nce siab, nce siab, cia cov dej noo. Yog li no, kev nyab xeeb ntawm huab cua toj roob hauv av txawv ntawm qhov chaw faus thiab cov tiaj. Thaum lub caij ntuj no, txheej daus los ntxiv txog 5 cm. Nyob rau sab qaum teb, ciam teb ntawm dej khov nyob mus ib txhis pib.
Ntawm qhov siab tshaj ntawm 4000 m, txawm hais tias lub caij ntuj sov tshaj plaws, tsis tshua muaj qhov kub zoo. Nyob rau lub caij ntuj no, av poob yuav tshwm sim vim muaj lub suab hnyav lossis tsis muaj kev txav mus los.
Cov kwj deg roob, cua daj cua dub thiab txias, tuaj thaum lub sijhawm yaj daus ntawm cov daus thiab dej khov. Yog li ntawd, dej nyab ntau heev rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav thiab yuav luag qhuav rau lub caij nplooj zeeg, thaum qhov kub qis. Snowmelt tsis tu ncua nyob rau lub caij ntuj no, thiab cov kwj ntawm roob txaus los ua av qeeg.
Ob qhov dej ntws loj tshaj plaws nyob rau ntawm North Caucasus - Terek thiab Kuban - muab cov chaw muaj ntau qhov dej ntws. Ua tsaug rau lawv, cov av hauv av dub muaj nplua nuj nyob hauv cov qoob loo.
Orchards, vineyards, tshuaj yej cog, txiv hmab txiv ntoo nroj tsuag tus dhau mus rau hauv qhov chaw qhuav qhawv. Cov no yog cov nta ntawm qhov Caucasus. Qhov txias ntawm cov roob muab txoj hauv kev kom sov ntawm lub tiaj thiab foothills, chernozem hla mus rau hauv cov av hauv siab.
Cov ntxhia dej
Koj yuav tsum paub tias cov yam ntxwv ntawm North Caucasus yog ib qho kev cuam tshuam ntawm tseem ceeb. Cov no suav nrog qhov kev ncua deb ntawm hiav txwv, dej hiav txwv. Cov xwm ntawm cov thooj av. Qhov kev ncua deb ntawm txoj kab nruab nrab thiab tus ncej. Cov kev taw qhia ntawm qhov huab cua huab cua, qhov muaj ntau ntawm dej nag.
Nws thiaj li tshwm sim tias cov dab Caucasus muaj ntau hom neeg sib txawv. Muaj av nplua nuj thiab thaj chaw qhuav. Roob meadows thiab hav ntoo thuv. Cov cav qhuav thiab cov dej ntws puv. Kev nplua nuj ntawm cov peev txheej ntuj, muaj cov dej ntxhia ua rau thaj chaw no txaus nyiam rau kev lag luam thiab kev ncig.
Kev piav qhia ntawm qhov Caucasus yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv tias ntau dua 70 kho dej tsuag tuaj yeem nrhiav ntawm nws thaj chaw. Cov no yog txias, sov, thiab kub ntxhia dej. Lawv txawv nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg, uas pab hauv kev tiv thaiv thiab kho mob ntawm cov kab mob:
- lub plab zom mov,
- tawv nqaij
- cov tshuab ncig ua haujlwm
- cov leeg hlab hlwb.
Cov dej ntshiab tshaj plaws ntawm hydrogen sulfide nyob hauv nroog Sochi. Cov khoom siv hlau - hauv Zheleznovodsk. Hydrogen sulfide, radon - hauv Pyatigorsk. Cov pa roj carbon dioxide - hauv Kislovodsk, Essentuki.
Flora
Cov nroj tsuag npog ntawm thaj chaw muaj peev xwm muaj ntau haiv neeg raws li tsiaj qus ntawm Lav Xias.Lub Caucasus tau faib ua roob, foothill, thaj chaw qis qis. Nyob ntawm qhov no, cov nroj tsuag npog ntawm thaj av kuj hloov. Nws tshwm sim los ntawm huab cua puag, av, dej nag.
Roob meadows - lush alpine, hav nyom. Rhododendron thickets muab cov yeeb yuj rau cov tshuaj ntsuab. Muaj koj tuaj yeem nrhiav cov noog ntoo, cov tsiaj tawv me, uas yoog raws cov neej kev ua neej. Cov hav zoov uas dav heev, qhov twg ntoo qhib, ntov ntoo, txiv ntoo hauv siab, thiab hornbeam loj hlob, tau nrawm dua los hloov lawv.
Tiaj nyom-bog cov nroj tsuag sib xyaw nrog cov npoo av qhuav. Lawv tau sau nrog cov khoom ntoo cog ntoo - poppies, irises, tulips, groves ntawm dawb acacia thiab ntoo qhib.
Aronia yog sawv cev los ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo dav, cov txiv hmab. Qhov Caucasus yog qhov zoo rau cov ntoo txiv ntoo, tsob ntoo - pears, cherry plum, hawthorn, pos, dogwood.
Fauna
Cov theem tshiab yog tsiaj los ntawm tsiaj xws li gopher, jerboa, hare daj, steppe ferret, hma, hma. Lawv nplua nuj nyob hauv cov tsiaj qus ntawm Lav Xias. Lub Caucasus, nws qhov chaw tiaj suab puam, yog qhov zoo rau cov eared hedgehog, gerbil zuag thiab yav tav su, earthen luav thiab corsac hma. Saigas (steppe antelopes) pom. Tus mos lwj lub cev, tus dais daj, thiab tus tsiaj nyob hauv hav zoov.
Qhov Xwm ntawm Caucasus yog tus cwj pwm ntawm cov tsiaj reptiles coob. Thaj chaw huab cua noo thiab sov yog qhov kev mob zoo rau lawv txoj kev muaj sia nyob, kev rov tsim tawm. Qhov no yog cov txiv kab ntxwv viav vias thiab lub boa constrictor, nab thiab nabqa.
Hauv cov ntoo Reed lub thoob koj tuaj yeem nrhiav lub ntsej muag tsiaj qus, reed miv, hma. Muaj cov noog dej, kuj muaj tus dav, ib tug kite, kestrel, lark, bustard, harrier, crane.
Cov zaub mov
Qhov Xwm ntawm Caucasus yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv loj tso nyiaj ntawm roj thiab roj. Cov xaim pov tseg ntawm cov thee thiab cov xim av, cov tooj liab thiab cov pa roj zeb ntsaum, asbestos, pob zeb ntsev yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam.
Cov kev tshawb fawb hauv av tau pom tias txhua cov hlau tsim nyog rau kev lag luam hauv lub teb chaws tuaj yeem nrhiav tau nyob hauv North Caucasus. Cov no yog cov nyiaj khaws cia:
Tsis ntev los no, txoj kev txhim kho kev tsim vaj tse pob zeb tau nce thoob plaws cov chaw. Txaus siab rau tuff lava thiab lub vov vov lub ru tsev yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txaus siab. Rau kev tsim kho vaj tsev siv pob zeb hauv zos Neogene. North Caucasus yog nto moo rau nws qhov kev tso nyiaj ntawm granite, marble, basalt. Cov ntsiab lus nyiaj tau kub thiab nyiaj tau pom.
Xaus
Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov xwm ntawm North Caucasus yog nws muaj ntau yam. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov roob ntuj glacial nrog cov av dub-pom kev, tiaj nyom alpine nrog tiaj nyom. Los nag hlob heev nyob rau thaj chaw sab hnub poob kis mus rau hauv cov cua qhuav ntawm cov cheeb tsam sab hnub tuaj.
Cyclones, huab cua sov thiab cua txias ua rau cov ntsej muag tsim ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm North Caucasus. Ntws los ntawm Dej hiav txwv Atlantic thiab Mediterranean hiav txwv nqa cov av noo. Cov huab cua qhuav los ntawm Central Asia thiab Iran yog ib puag ncig los ntawm cov cua kub.
Huv si, huab cua ntshiab zaum nrog ultraviolet teeb muab lub neej ntev rau nws cov neeg ntau haiv neeg. Ua kom sov, lub caij nplooj zeeg luv, qib siab ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb tau txais cov neeg ncig chaw. Kho cov qe, qhov tso nyiaj ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj ua rau thaj chaw no txaus nyiam rau txoj kev kho mob thiab kev lag luam.
Toj roob hauv pes Multilevel, ntau cov dej ntws - lub ntuj zoo nkauj ntawm thaj av tau pom tawm hauv nws qhov kev zoo nkauj. Tej keeb kwm kev coj thiab kev coj noj coj ua muab txoj kev xav txog lub zog no.
Qhov xwm ntawm North Caucasus
Sab Qaum Teb Cawv yog qhov muaj cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb, uas tsis muaj piv txwv nyob qhov twg hauv ntiaj teb. Muaj cov roob siab siab nrog dej khov dej rau ntawm lub ncov thiab hav zoov nrog cov ntoo uas tsis meej, cov ntoo coniferous nyob rau qhov chaw siab thiab alpine meadows, zoo li nrawm ntawm roob hav. Ntawm qhov chaw qhib yog steppes nrog feather nyom thiab oases tus yam ntxwv ntawm ntu ntu ntawm cheeb tsam. Muaj ntau thaj chaw muaj huab cua nyob hauv cheeb tsam no. Nyob ntawm cov kev ua hauj lwm zoo li ntau haiv neeg, txawv tshwj xeeb kuj tau tsim.
p, blockquote 1,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 2.0,0,0,0 ->
Nroj Tsuag
Lub ntiaj teb cog nyob hauv thaj av no yog kwv yees li 6 txhiab hom. Hais txog cov nroj tsuag ntau yam tsuas yog nyob ntawm no, qhov ntawd yog, lawv yog cov endemic. Cov no yog Bortkevich lub snowdrops thiab bract poppy, Caucasian blueberries. Ntawm cov ntoo thiab tsob ntoo muaj dogwood, pos, qus cherries, cherry plum, hiav txwv buckthorn, hornbeam, thiab cov ntoo thuv. Tseem muaj cov liaj ua teb ntawm muv, txiv kab ntxwv paj liab, roob npas. Tsis tas li, cov tsiaj muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj txiaj ntsig hauv thaj av North Caucasus: dye madder thiab Taurida wormwood.
p, blockquote 3,0,0,0,0,0 ->
Vim tias muaj ntau hom nroj tsuag thiab biodiversity, natural reserves thiab natural parks, reserves thiab thaj av ib puag ncig tau tsim.
p, blockquote 4,0,0,0,0,0 ->
Pa zoo tib yam
p, blockquote 5,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 6.0,0,0,0,0 ->
Vodokras
p, blockquote 7,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 8,0,0,0,0 ->
Daj qe
p, blockquote 9,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 10,0,0,0,0 ->
Dawb dej Lily
p, blockquote 11,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 12,0,0,0,0 ->
Broadleaf cattail
p, blockquote 13,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 14,0,0,0,0 ->
Tshuam
p, blockquote 15,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 16,0,0,0,0 ->
Urut
p, blockquote 17,0,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 18,0,0,0,0 ->
Altai officinalis
p, blockquote 19,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 20,0,0,0,0 ->
Asphodelina Crimean
p, blockquote 21,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 22,0,0,0,0 ->
Cov tshuaj asphodelin
p, blockquote 23,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 24,0,0,0,0 ->
Hom yaj (ram-ram)
p, blockquote 25,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 26,0,0,0,0 ->
Caij nplooj zeeg Colchicum
p, blockquote 27,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 28,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 29,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 30,0,0,0,0 ->
Belladonna (belladonna zoo tib yam)
p, blockquote 31,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 32,0,0,0,0 ->
Immortelle xuab zeb
p, blockquote 33,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 34,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 35,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 36,0,0,0,0 ->
Peb-nplooj sawv saib
p, blockquote 37,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 38,0,0,0,0 ->
Loosestrife npib
p, blockquote 39,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 40,0,0,0,0 ->
Verbena officinalis
p, blockquote 41,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 42,0,0,0,0 ->
Veronica melissolist
p, blockquote 43,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 44,0,0,0,0 ->
Veronica muab faib
p, blockquote 45,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 46,0,0,0,0 ->
Veronica filiform
p, blockquote 47,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 48,0,0,0,0 ->
Veronica Caj Dab
p, blockquote 49,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 50,0,0,0,0 ->
Cov Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Buttercup
p, blockquote 51,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 52,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 53,0,0,0,0 ->
Clove nyom
p, blockquote 54,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 55,0,0,0,0 ->
Tiaj nyom geranium
p, blockquote 56,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 57,0,0,0,0 ->
Cwj pwm gentian
p, blockquote 58,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 59,0,0,0,0 ->
Caij nplooj ntoos hlav adonis (adonis)
p, blockquote 60,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 61,0,0,0,0 ->
Grushanka puag ncig-tawm
p, blockquote 62,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 63,0,0,0,0 ->
Elecampane siab
p, blockquote 64,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 65,0,0,0,0 ->
Dioscorea Caucasian
p, blockquote 66,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 67,0,0,0,0 ->
Dryad Caucasian
p, blockquote 68,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 69,0,0,0,0 ->
Origanum ntau
p, blockquote 70,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 71,0,0,0,0 ->
John lub wort
p, blockquote 72,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 73,0,0,0,0 ->
Centaury zoo tib yam
p, blockquote 74,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 75,0,1,0,0 ->
Iris lossis kasatik
p, blockquote 76,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 77,0,0,0,0 ->
Katran Steven
p, blockquote 78,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 79,0,0,0,0 ->
Kermek Tatar
p, blockquote 80,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 81,0,0,0,0 ->
Nuj Nplhaib-ua-li
p, blockquote 82,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 83,0,0,0,0 ->
Tiaj nyom clover
p, blockquote 84,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 85,0,0,0,0 ->
Plaub nyom
p, blockquote 86,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 87,0,0,0,0 ->
Tswb nrov nrov
p, blockquote 88,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 89,0,0,0,0 ->
Saffron
p, blockquote 90,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 91,0,0,0,0 ->
Thov mua ua ntej lub hav
p, blockquote 92,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 93,0,0,0,0 ->
Lub cinquefoil yog erect
p, blockquote 94,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 95,0,0,0,0 ->
Cov lam hwj tshuaj
p, blockquote 96,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 97,0,0,0,0 ->
Loj-ntws flax
p, blockquote 98,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 99,0,0,0,0 ->
Sowing flax
p, blockquote 100,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 101,0,0,0,0 ->
Acid buttercup
p, blockquote 102,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 103,0,0,0,0 ->
Hnov poppy
p, blockquote 104,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 105,0,0,0,0 ->
Xaus Lungwort
p, blockquote 106,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 107,0,0,0,0 ->
Sempervivum vov tsev
p, blockquote 108,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 109,0,0,0,0 ->
Nplooj peony
p, blockquote 110,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 111,0,0,0,0 ->
Caucasian snowdrop
p, blockquote 112,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 113,0,0,0,0 ->
Kev Sau Ntawv Siberian
p, blockquote 114,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 115,0,0,0,0 ->
Ib qho Repeshka
p, blockquote 116,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 117,0,0,0,0 ->
Kev Sib Tw Tatarnik
p, blockquote 118,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 119,0,0,0,0 ->
Tim hav zoov
p, blockquote 120,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 121,0,0,0,0 ->
Nkoj thyme
p, blockquote 122,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 123,0,0,0,0 ->
Felipea liab
p, blockquote 124,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 125,0,0,0,0 ->
Horsetail
p, blockquote 126,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 127,0,0,0,0 ->
Khuv Xim
p, blockquote 128,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 129,0,0,0,0 ->
Hellebore
p, blockquote 130,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 131,0,0,0,0 ->
Dub hauv paus tshuaj ntsuab
p, blockquote 132,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 133,0,0,0,0 ->
Chistyak caij nplooj ntoos hlav
p, blockquote 134,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 135,0,0,0,0 ->
Sage meadow
p, blockquote 136,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 137,0,0,0,0 ->
Orchis
p, blockquote 138,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 139,0,0,0,0 ->
Orchis magenta
p, blockquote 140,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 141,0,0,0,0 ->
Orchis pom
p, blockquote 142,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 143,0,0,0,0 ->
Tsiaj txhu
Ua raws li lub ntiaj teb cog, lub ntiaj teb tsiaj kuj tau tsim, tab sis qhov tshwm sim anthropogenic tas li ua rau nws. Txawm hais tias tam sim no muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog kev ploj ntawm cov tsiaj tshwj xeeb. Qee cov neeg siv sijhawm tsis muaj sijhawm lossis kev rau siab los kho cov neeg. Piv txwv li, dub stork thiab tshis Hungarian tau nyob ntawm lub verge ntawm tu noob.
p, blockquote 144,0,0,0,0 ->
Chamois thiab tshis tsiaj qus, lynx thiab mos lwj, roe mos lwj thiab Dais nyob hauv North Caucasus. Hauv steppe muaj jerboas thiab hare-hares, hedgehogs thiab hamsters. Ntawm cov tsiaj tua tsiaj, hma, weasel, hma, ferret yog yos hav zoov ntawm no. Cov tsiaj qus thiab cov tsiaj nyeg, cov tsiaj loj thiab cov tsiaj qus nyob hauv hav zoov Caucasus. Hauv cov tiaj ua si koj tuaj yeem pom cov nas me uas tsis ntshai neeg thiab coj khoom los ntawm lawv txhais tes.
p, blockquote 145,0,0,0,0 ->
Hom khaus
p, blockquote 146,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 147,0,0,0,0 ->
Earthen hare (loj loj jerboa)
p, blockquote 148,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 149,0,0,0,0 ->
Roe mos lwj
p, blockquote 150,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 151,1,0,0,0 ->
Boar
p, blockquote 152,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 153,0,0,0,0 ->
Nas tsuag
p, blockquote 154,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 155,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 156,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 157,0,0,0,0 ->
Caucasian gopher
p, blockquote 158,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 159,0,0,0,0 ->
Caucasian bezoar tshis
p, blockquote 160,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 161,0,0,0,0 ->
Tus mos lwj liab
p, blockquote 162,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 163,0,0,0,0 ->
Caucasian bison
p, blockquote 164,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 165,0,0,0,0 ->
Ncig ua si Hmoob qhua
p, blockquote 166,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 167,0,0,0,0 ->
Korsak (steppe hma liab)
p, blockquote 168,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 169,0,0,0,0 ->
Tsov txaij
p, blockquote 170,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 171,0,0,0,0 ->
Ntoo thuv marten
p, blockquote 172,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 173,0,0,0,0 ->
Hav zoov hav tsuag
p, blockquote 174,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 175,0,0,0,0 ->
Me gopher
p, blockquote 176,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 177,0,0,0,0 ->
Central tsov txaij Asian
p, blockquote 178,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 179,0,0,0,0 ->
Txaij hyena
p, blockquote 180,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 181,0,0,0,0 ->
Prometey vole
p, blockquote 182,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 183,0,0,0,0 ->
Lynx
p, blockquote 184,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 185,0,0,0,0 ->
Saiga (saiga)
p, blockquote 186,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 187,0,0,0,0 ->
Chamois
p, blockquote 188,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 189,0,0,0,0 ->
Snow vole
p, blockquote 190,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 191,0,0,0,0 ->
Raug nplua lawj xeeb
p, blockquote 192,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 193,0,0,0,0 ->
Puav
p, blockquote 194,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 195,0,0,0,0 ->
Dej tsaws tsag
Cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws muaj lub ntsej muag zoo: lub tiaj tiaj tiaj tiaj dheev tsoo, thiab dej ntws los ntawm lub qhov tob kawg nrog lub suab nrov uas txaus ntshai, ya ze ntawm cov pob zeb muaj xim zoo nkauj. Qhov dej rumbling no nyob rau hauv lub hnub ua si nrog txhua xim ntawm zaj sawv.
Nyob rau hauv lub roob gorges ntawm North Ossetia-Alania, Hav ntawm Midagrabinsky Waterfalls nyob. Cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws muaj lub zeem muag - 14 qhov dej tsaws tsag nqis los ntawm tej tsag, uas yog ntws saum ntuj. Ntawm cov nta ntawm North Caucasus, Great Zaigelan paub rau cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws, uas txhais tau hais tias "poob av poob" hauv cov lus hauv zos. Nov yog lub dej tsaws tsag neeg European siab tshaj plaws. Nws nqa nws cov dej txij hauv qab ib qho dej khov hla hla ntawm qhov siab ntawm txog 650-700 metres, thiab qis me me qhib lwm qhov ntawm qhov dej tsaws tsag - Me Zeigelan. Vim yog qhov sib txawv hauv qhov siab, Qhov Loj Zeigelan tau suav rau kaum qhov dej tsaws tsag ntau tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Nyob rau lub caij ntuj no, thaum lub suab nruab nrab ntawm Midagrabin glacier nres, dej tsaws tsag hloov mus rau hauv cov dej khov uas nyiam cov dej tshaj plaws - cov neeg khiav dej khov.
Noog
Muaj ntau ntau hom noog nyob hauv thaj av no: eagles thiab tiaj nyom moons, kites thiab tso cua sov, quails thiab larks. Nyob ze cov dej txhawv nyob ntses, pheasants, wagtails. Muaj cov noog khiav mus los, thiab muaj cov uas nyob ntawm no thawm niaj thawm xyoo.
p, blockquote 196,0,0,0,0 ->
Alpine yis
p, blockquote 197,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 198,0,0,0,0 ->
Griffon lib nyug
p, blockquote 199,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 200,0,0,0,0 ->
Dav dawb hau
p, blockquote 201,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 202,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 203,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 204,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 205,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 206,0,0,0,0 ->
Xim av los yog dub
p, blockquote 207,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 208,0,0,0,0 ->
Ntoo Khaub Ntoo
p, blockquote 209,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 210,0,0,0,0 ->
Huab Tais Liab
p, blockquote 211,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 212,0,0,0,0 ->
Roob hav tawg
p, blockquote 213,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 214,0,0,0,0 ->
Bustard lossis Dudak
p, blockquote 215,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 216,0,0,0,0 ->
Woodpecker ntsuab
p, blockquote 217,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 218,0,0,0,0 ->
Tuvik European (Luv-legged Hawk)
p, blockquote 219,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 220,0,0,0,0 ->
Lub daj
p, blockquote 221,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 222,0,0,0,0 ->
Zaryanka
p, blockquote 223,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 224,0,0,0,0 ->
Ntsuab muv-eater
p, blockquote 225,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 226,0,0,0,0 ->
Dab noj eater
p, blockquote 227,0,0,1,0 ->
p, blockquote 228,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 229,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 230,0,0,0,0 ->
Caucasian dub grouse
p, blockquote 231,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 232,0,0,0,0 ->
Caucasian Ular
p, blockquote 233,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 234,0,0,0,0 ->
Caucasian pheasant
p, blockquote 235,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 236,0,0,0,0 ->
Tuav
p, blockquote 237,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 238,0,0,0,0 ->
Caspian Ular
p, blockquote 239,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 240,0,0,0,0 ->
Klest-elovik
p, blockquote 241,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 242,0,0,0,0 ->
Linnet
p, blockquote 243,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 244,0,0,0,0 ->
Korostel (dergach)
p, blockquote 245,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 246,0,0,0,0 ->
Lus Qhuas Liab
p, blockquote 247,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 248,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 249,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 250,0,0,0,0 ->
Kurgannik
p, blockquote 251,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 252,0,0,0,0 ->
Tiaj nyom meadow
p, blockquote 253,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 254,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 255,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 256,0,0,0,0 ->
Muscovite lossis dub ib feem kaum
p, blockquote 257,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 258,0,0,0,0 ->
Hom Redstart
p, blockquote 259,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 260,0,0,0,0 ->
Common greenfinch
p, blockquote 261,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 262,0,0,0,0 ->
Xws li Oriole
p, blockquote 263,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 264,0,0,0,0 ->
Qub vulture
p, blockquote 265,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 266,0,0,0,0 ->
Tub Vaj
p, blockquote 267,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 268,0,0,0,0 ->
Lub neeg ruam
p, blockquote 269,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 270,0,0,0,0 ->
Xab tus
p, blockquote 271,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 272,0,0,0,0 ->
Dav dawb hau Steppe
p, blockquote 273,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 274,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 275,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 276,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 277,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 278,0,0,0,0 ->
Cov Pischa
p, blockquote 279,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 280,0,0,0,0 ->
Daim teb hli
p, blockquote 281,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 282,0,0,0,0 ->
Tuav
p, blockquote 283,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 284,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 285,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 286,0,0,0,0 ->
Jay
p, blockquote 287,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 288,0,0,0,0 ->
Stenolaz (liab-tis ntses stenolaz)
p, blockquote 289,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 290,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 291,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 292,0,0,0,0 ->
Plas
p, blockquote 293,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 294,0,0,0,0 ->
Ua ciav hlau
p, blockquote 295,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 296,0,0,0,0 ->
Dub stork
p, blockquote 297,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 298,0,0,0,0 ->
Xob Laim
p, blockquote 299,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 300,0,0,0,0 ->
Goldfinch
p, blockquote 301,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 302,0,0,0,0 -> p, blockquote 303,0,0,0,1 ->
Lub ntiaj teb ntuj nyob rau Qaum Teb Qaum Teb yog qhov tshwj xeeb thiab tsis muaj peev xwm. Nws pom zoo nrog ntau yam thiab loj heev. Tsuas yog tus nqi no yuav tsum khaws cia, tshwj xeeb los ntawm cov neeg uas twb tau tsim kev puas tsuaj ntau rau cov av ntawm no.
Fossil ntxhw
Ib khub tshwj xeeb ntawm cov ntxhw yav qab teb tau pom hauv Stavropol. Lub cev pob txha tag nrho ntawm cov pob txha tsiaj ntxhw, zwm rau hom tsiaj mammoth, yog qhov tsis tshua pom muaj tseeb. Muaj tsib qhov kev ua yeeb yam hauv ntiaj teb no hauv lub tsev khaws khoom hauv Paris, Tbilisi, thiab St. Tab sis tsuas yog nyob hauv Stavropol muaj ob khub ntawm cov khoom pov tseg thaum ub pom. Cov ntxhw yav qab teb nyob ntawm 1-1.8 lab xyoo dhau los, tus ntxhw tau raug tshawb pom 40 xyoo tom qab tshaj li tus ntxhw: nws tau pom hauv 2007, thiab tus ntxhw nws tus kheej tau ua ib qho khoom pov thawj hauv Stavropol Museum-Reserve rau ntau dua kaum ob lub xyoo.
Flora ntawm Qaum Ntuj Qaum Teb
Kev nplua nuj ntawm cov ntoo ntawm North Caucasus yog vim muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev pab, uas, nyeg, tso cai rau kev tsim ntawm ntau thaj chaw huab cua hauv thaj av. Cov toj roob hauv pes "ntau zaj dab neeg" tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov nroj tsuag ntawm ntau qhov tshwj xeeb thiab cov tsos: ntau tshaj rau txhiab hom nroj tsuag loj hlob nyob rau thaj chaw me me (1.5% ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Lavxias Federation).
Qhov tsis txawv ntawm tsob ntoo ntawm North Caucasus dag nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias cov lus hais ntawm zonality tau ua txhaum ntawm no: gorges thiab pob zeb pob zeb yog them nrog thaj chaw lov thiab thaj av, thiab alpine forbs loj hlob nyob rau hauv toj siab, tab sis, ua txhaum txoj cai, hauv qhov "hav zoov" huab cua hloov pauv ntau heev, yog li cov nroj tsuag loj hlob ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm no yuav tsum "nce" mus rau qhov chaw siab dua, txawv txawv rau lawv nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus dav dav.
Ntiaj teb kev cog ntoo ntawm Qaum Teb Qaum Teb yog qhov txawv txav, uas yog, qee hom hom nroj tsuag tsuas muaj nyob hauv thaj chaw no. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ntau cov nroj tsuag tuaj ntawm lwm thaj chaw loj hlob hauv thaj av ntawd, uas tau ua sai sai thiab muaj kev sib xyaw nrog cov tsiaj qus: ntoo txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab cov ntoo thaj chaw, cov ntoo muaj txiaj ntsig, cov ntoo muaj tshuaj ntsuab thiab cog ntoo.
Los ntawm nws cov yam ntxwv ntuj, North Caucasus yog txawm li cas los ze ze rau Asia, yog li ntawd, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov ntoo ntawm ntu yog qhov zoo noj ntawm no.
Cov tsiaj qus ntawm Qaum Ntuj Qaum Teb
Thaj chaw thiab huab cua muaj cov yam ntxwv uas cuam tshuam rau kev tsim cov North Caucasian nroj tsuag kuj cuam tshuam rau cov pej xeem ntawm thaj chaw los ntawm cov tsiaj thiab noog coob txog ntawm cov tib neeg. Tus txiv neej tseem tau txhawb, nws yuav tsum tau hais, deb ntawm qhov zoo. Raws li nws lub neej, ntau hom tsiaj ntiaj teb tau nyob ntawm lub hnub ntawm kev ploj, tus naj npawb ntawm tam sim no tau raug kho nrog qhov nyuaj thiab nqi. Hungarian tshis thiab dub stork tau teev nyob hauv phau Ntawv Liab.
Cov tsiaj qus uas pheej nyob hauv North Caucasus yog cov tsiaj npua, roob tshis, chamois, thiab ntau tshaj li ib txhiab invertebrates (kab laug sab). Ntawm cov tsiaj tua tsiaj, nrhiav ib tus lynx, uas pub, tua cov mos lwj thiab mos lwj, thiab cov tsiaj qus, uas me dua cov xim av, nyob hauv nruab nrab thaj tsam ntawm Russia, kuj pom. Lawv coj tus cwjpwm zoo thiab noj cov txiv siav ntawm lub txiv moj coos, txiv ntseej.
Otters, tsawg dua minks nyob ze cov dej uas lawv mus nuv ntses. Tsev neeg noog yog sawv cev los ntawm kwv yees li 200 hom: roob qaib ntxhw, Caucasian black grouse, lark, alpine black grouse.
Cim ntshiv
Sarykum loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Dagestan, ntxiv rau, nws yog qhov loj tshaj plaws nyob hauv Europe. Nws nce mus rau qhov siab ntawm 250 meters thiab muaj lub cheeb txog 3000 meters, thiab thaj tsam ntawm lub dune tag nrho yog li 600 hectares. Sarykum yog lub suab nkauj tshwj xeeb, vim tias nws tsis nyob hauv cov suab puam, tab sis thaj tsam ntawm thaj chaw zoo nkauj Kapchugai Gorge, thiab tus dej Shura-Ozen raug txiav ib nrab. Еще одна специфичность Сарыкума в том, что он недвижим и устойчив.
Сердце Чечни
Мечеть "Сердце Чечни", построенную в Грозном в рекордный срок – в течение двух лет, по праву называют архитектурным чудом 21-ого века. Располагается она на площади, превышающей 5000 квадратных метров, и может принять одновременно до 20 тысяч прихожан. В мечети применена техника росписи из 16-ого века, а сама она сооружена в османском стиле. Белоснежный мрамор, оригинальный купол, высокие минареты, восхитительная золотая роспись, 36 шикарных люстр с чеченским узором. Архитектура святого места, шикарный парк, разноцветные фонтаны – все это вызывает восторг у ее посетителей независимо от вероисповедания или национальности. Храм потрясает своим величием. "Сердце Чечни" непременно нужно посмотреть в темноте, когда подсвечивается вся мечеть.
Голубые озера
Природа Северного Кавказа не перестает удивлять туристов. Пятерка восхитительных карстовых озер притаилась среди ущелья в Кабардино-Балкарии. В них хранятся тайны природы, на которые ученые до сих пор ищут ответы. Например, Нижнее озеро не снабжается речными водами, хотя каждый день оно тратит до 70 миллионов литров воды, а его объем и глубина при таком расходе совсем не уменьшаются. Nws lub npe - Tserik-Kel - yog ib lub pas dej tob tshaj plaws nyob hauv Europe. Thaum nruab hnub, nws muaj peev xwm hloov xim tau txog 16 zaug - los ntawm azure mus rau emerald, tab sis muaj dej kub ruaj khov: tsis siab tshaj + 9 0 С tag nrho cov xyoo puag ncig.
Saib Kom Paub
Sab Qaum Teb Caucas yog ib qho ntawm ob peb qhov chaw nyob hauv Lavxias uas cov saib xyuas tau khaws cia - cov yeeb yuj piv txwv ntawm cov kab lis kev cai qub ntawm cov neeg nyob theem siab. Lawv tau nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawd ntawm North Caucasus xws li Ossetia, Dagestan, Ingushetia, Chechnya thiab Kabardino-servia. Cov kev tiv thaiv no muaj ob qho kev ua haujlwm hauv thaj chaw nyob thiab ib qho kev tiv thaiv, uas yog vim li cas lawv tau hu ua tus ceev xwm thiab patrimonial. Vim muaj cov yeeb ncuab tua, qhov ntau ntawm kev tsim kho tsis raug cawm. Ntau lub tuam tsev muaj ntau tsev neeg, txhua pawg neeg hwm nws cov cag tau suav tias nws yog kev hwm los txhim kho nws tus pej thuam. Raws li kev lig kev cai qub, pawg pej xeem yuav tsum tau txhim tsa hauv tsawg dua ib xyoos, txwv tsis pub lub xeem tau suav hais tias yog ua haujlwm tsis tau. Xws li tus pej thuam tau txhim tsa, raws li txoj cai, tsis deb ntawm lub zos, hauv thaj chaw uas muaj kev pom zoo. Cov neeg saib xyuas suav sau lub meej mom ntawm tsev neeg, kev sib koom siab thiab tsis muaj kev ntshai ntawm cov neeg toj siab ntawm North Caucasus.